Seismic Design – CMDC https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com Supporting the Masonry Design Community Thu, 29 Feb 2024 19:37:36 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.3 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cropped-android-chrome-512x512-1-32x32.png Seismic Design – CMDC https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com 32 32 Concordia University https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/research/concordia-university/ Mon, 13 Nov 2023 14:33:13 +0000 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=13020

CMDC has worked in collaboration with Khaled Galal from Concordia University

Supporting Innovation through Research Partnerships

Work has been conducted on the following projects:

Shear Walls with Boundary Elements

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls are effective structural elements to resist lateral loads on buildings including wind loads and seismic loads. This research project led by Dr. Galal focuses on testing of reinforced masonry shear wall configurations to develop more economical methods of construction for buildings that are required to resist moderate earthquake loads. Focusing on the detailing of reinforcement, strategies to enhance the performance of current masonry construction methods are being developed.

This project includes testing masonry materials, of half-scale reinforced masonry shear walls (including rectangular walls, walls with boundary elements, and even partially-grouted walls), and computer modeling and analysis of the walls and of whole buildings with masonry shear walls.

In addition to developing new strategies for design and improving the seismic safety of buildings, the project also contributes to better understanding the characteristics of masonry materials in general.

Select Journal Articles:

AbdelRahman, Belal, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of axial compressive behavior of square and rectangular confined concrete-masonry structural wall boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 243 (2021): 112584.

Albutainy, Mohammed, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of reinforced concrete masonry shear walls with C-shaped masonry units boundary elements.” In Structures, vol. 34, pp. 3667-3683. Elsevier, 2021.

Hosseinzadeh, Shadman, and Khaled Galal. “Probabilistic seismic resilience quantification of a reinforced masonry shear wall system with boundary elements under bi-directional horizontal excitations.” Engineering Structures 247 (2021): 113023.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “In-plane cyclic response of high-rise reinforced concrete masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 219 (2020): 110771.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of axial load and detailing effects on the inelastic response of reinforced-concrete masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 12 (2020): 04020259.

Hosseinzadeh, Shadman, and Khaled Galal. “System-level seismic resilience assessment of reinforced masonry shear wall buildings with masonry boundary elements.” In Structures, vol. 26, pp. 686-702. Elsevier, 2020.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Seismic performance and height limits of ductile reinforced masonry shear wall buildings with boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 171-188.

Hamzeh, Layane, Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Development of fragility curves for reinforced-masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 32, no. 4 (2018): 04018034.

Obaidat, Ala’T., Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Stress-strain behavior of C-shaped confined concrete masonry boundary elements of reinforced masonry shear walls.” Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 8 (2018): 04018119.

El Ezz, Ahmad Abo, and Khaled Galal. “Compression behavior of confined concrete masonry boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 132 (2017): 562-575.

Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls are effective structural elements to resist lateral loads on buildings including wind loads and seismic loads. This research project led by Dr. Galal focuses on testing of reinforced masonry shear wall configurations to develop more economical methods of construction for buildings that are required to resist moderate earthquake loads. Focusing on the detailing of reinforcement, strategies to enhance the performance of current masonry construction methods are being developed. This project includes testing masonry materials, of half-scale reinforced masonry shear walls (including rectangular walls, walls with boundary elements, and even partially-grouted walls), and computer modeling and analysis of the walls and of whole buildings with masonry shear walls. In addition to developing new strategies for design and improving the seismic safety of buildings, the project also contributes to better understanding the characteristics of masonry materials in general.

Select Journal Articles:

Elmeligy, Omar, Nader Aly, and Khaled Galal. “Sensitivity analysis of the numerical simulations of partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Engineering Structures 245 (2021): 112876.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Effect of ductile shear wall ratio and cross-section configuration on seismic behavior of reinforced concrete masonry shear wall buildings.” Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 4 (2020): 04020020.

ElDin, Hany M. Seif, Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Seismic performance parameters of fully grouted reinforced masonry squat shear walls.” Engineering Structures 187 (2019): 518-527.

ElDin, Hany M. Seif, Nader Aly, and Khaled Galal. “In-plane shear strength equation for fully grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 319-332.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Aly N. and Galal K. (2019, June). “Influence of Ductile Shear Wall Ratio on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Wall Buildings.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 1462–1474). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society.

Masonry Prisms

Project Summary:

Masonry prisms are essential structural elements utilized in construction to evaluate the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of masonry materials. These test specimens, constructed by bonding masonry units with mortar, replicate real-world construction conditions, ensuring the relevance of the obtained data. CSA S304 provides guidelines for the preparation, testing, and analysis of these prisms. The testing process involves subjecting the prisms to axial loads to determine compressive strength and may include shear strength tests to assess resistance to lateral forces.

In this research, masonry prisms are used to investigate the impact of fibre reinforced grout, and boundary elements built using C-shaped blocks. The resulting data contributes to the development of construction guidelines and safety standards, informing the design of durable and secure masonry structures in real-world applications. In essence, masonry prisms play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of masonry behavior and promoting the reliability of construction practices.

Recent Journal Articles:

Gouda, Omar, Ahmed Hassanein, Tarik Youssef, and Khaled Galal. “Stress-strain behaviour of masonry prisms constructed with glass fibre-reinforced grout.” Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021): 120984.

AbdelRahman, Belal, and Khaled Galal. “Influence of pre-wetting, non-shrink grout, and scaling on the compressive strength of grouted concrete masonry prisms.” Construction and Building Materials 241 (2020): 117985.

Masonry Columns Strengthened by FRP

Project Summary:

Research on masonry columns strengthened by Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites aims to enhance the load-carrying capacity and ductility of existing structures. This involves applying high-strength fibers embedded in a polymer matrix externally to masonry columns, particularly beneficial for retrofitting older structures or improving original design capacities. The test matrix was designed to measure the effect of the presence of longitudinal steel reinforcement in the columns on the compressive strength of FRP-confined concrete masonry.

As the demand for sustainable retrofitting solutions increases, research in this area plays a pivotal role in advancing innovative techniques for strengthening masonry columns, ensuring resilience in diverse environmental and loading conditions.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Alotaibi K. and Galal K. (2019, June). “Compressive Strength of FRP-Confined Concrete Masonry With and Without Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 1523–1529). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society

Select Journal Articles:

El-Sokkary, Hossam, and Khaled Galal. “Performance of eccentrically loaded reinforced-concrete masonry columns strengthened using FRP wraps.” Journal of Composites for Construction 23, no. 5 (2019): 04019032.

Alotaibi, Khalid Saqer, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental study of CFRP-confined reinforced concrete masonry columns tested under concentric and eccentric loading.” Composites Part B: Engineering 155 (2018): 257-271.

Alotaibi, Khalid Saqer, and Khaled Galal. “Axial compressive behavior of grouted concrete block masonry columns confined by CFRP jackets.” Composites Part B: Engineering 114 (2017): 467-479

Select Theses and HQP: :

Khalid Alotaibi: https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/984232/

]]> McMaster University https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/research/mcmaster-university/ Fri, 10 Nov 2023 20:54:54 +0000 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=13006

CMDC has worked in collaboration with Wael El- Dakhakhni, Mohamed Ezzeldin, and Lydell Wiebe from McMaster University.

Supporting Innovation through Research Partnerships

Work has been conducted on the following projects:

Blast Loading of Reinforced Masonry

Project Summary:

The goal of this research is to provide experimental evidence of the performance of Reinforced Masonry (RM) walls under realistic blast loading conditions with different pressure and impulse combinations to simulate real explosion scenarios.

The analytical work involves developing wall resistance functions, design charts, and single- and multi-degree-of-freedom models. Using the experimentally calibrated numerical models, an extensive wall blast performance database will be generated to cover different scenarios other than those tested.

Finally, the experimental, analytical, and numerical model results will be integrated into a performance assessment tool that will facilitate rapid screening and performance evaluation of RM components under different accidental and deliberate explosion scenarios.

Select Journal Articles:

Salem, Shady, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Michael Tait, and Wael El-Dakhakhni. “Resistance functions for blast fragility quantification of reinforced concrete block masonry shear walls.” Engineering Structures 233 (2021): 111531.

El-Hashimy, Tarek, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Michael Tait, and Wael El-Dakhakhni. “Reinforced masonry shear wall blast response limits for ASCE 59 and CSA S850.” Engineering Structures 239 (2021): 112183.

Energy Dissipation in Shear Wall Seismic Force Resisting System

Project Summary:

There is a real potential for a major earthquake to be the costliest disaster in Canadian history, and building owners are increasingly expecting solutions that can mitigate this risk. Meanwhile, current approaches for resisting seismic loads with reinforced masonry are not only associated with significant labour costs, but they also limit the range of structural heights for which reinforced masonry is a competitive building solution. Controlled rocking shows promise for addressing all these issues. In a controlled rocking system, selected parts of the structure are permitted to uplift from the foundation in response to seismic loads, and this rocking behaviour is controlled using supplemental energy dissipation and/or post-tensioning.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Yassin A., Ezzeldin M., and Wiebe L. (2019, June). “Numerical Modeling of Controlled Rocking Post-Tensioned Fully-Grouted Masonry Shear Walls With and Without Energy Dissipation.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 1327–1339). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society

Select Journal Articles:

Yassin, Ahmed, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Taylor Steele, and Lydell Wiebe. “Seismic collapse risk assessment of posttensioned controlled rocking masonry walls.” J. Struct. Eng 146, no. 5 (2020): 04020060.

Yassin, Ahmed, Mohamed Ezzeldin, and Lydell Wiebe. “Experimental assessment of controlled rocking masonry shear walls without post-tensioning.” Journal of Structural Engineering 148, no. 4 (2022): 04022018.

Reinforced Masonry under Seismic Risk

Project Summary:

The proposed research concentrates on design of masonry shear wall building for seismic loading and builds. Although masonry construction accounts for over 70% of the current stock of buildings in North America, its continued use as a major structural system has been severely impeded by concerns regarding earthquake resistance. Previous research, although comparatively scarce, clearly shows that with proper design, detailing, and construction, masonry can perform very well under seismic loading.

The proposed research is for a comprehensive series of tests and analyses to fully document behaviour of current masonry construction and improved behaviours resulting from innovative forms of construction.

This research will lead to proposals to modify design documents to account for the enhanced characteristics of properly designed masonry structures. Such changes will improve resistance to earthquake loading and reduce construction costs for masonry buildings.

Select Journal Articles:

Ezzeldin, Mohamed, Lydell Wiebe, and Wael El-Dakhakhni. “System-level seismic risk assessment methodology: Application to reinforced masonry buildings with boundary elements.” J. Struct. Eng 10 (2017).

Siam, Ahmad S., Wessam M. Hussein, and Wael W. El-Dakhakhni. “Scoring models for reinforced masonry shear wall maximum displacement prediction under seismic loads.” Engineering Structures 136 (2017): 511-522.

Siam, Ahmad, Wael El-Dakhakhni, and Zoe Li. “Seismic risk assessment of reinforced masonry structural wall systems using multivariate data analysis.” Engineering Structures 144 (2017): 58-72.

Siam, Ahmad S., Mohamed Ezzeldin, and Wael El-Dakhakhni. “Reliability of displacement capacity prediction models for reinforced concrete block shear walls.” In Structures, vol. 20, pp. 385-398. Elsevier, 2019.

Ezzeldin, Mohamed, Wael El-Dakhakhni, and Lydell Wiebe. “Experimental assessment of the system-level seismic performance of an asymmetrical reinforced concrete block–wall building with boundary elements.” Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 8 (2017): 04017063.

Ezzeldin, Mohamed, Wael El-Dakhakhni, and Lydell Wiebe. “Reinforced masonry building seismic response models for ASCE/SEI-41.” Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 1 (2018): 04017175.

Select Theses and HQP:

Mohamed Ezzeldin: https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/20960

]]> University of British Columbia https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/research/university-of-british-columbia/ Fri, 10 Nov 2023 20:34:51 +0000 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=12995

CMDC has worked in collaboration with Svetlana Brzev and Tony Yang from the University of British Columbia.

Supporting Innovation through Research Partnerships

Work has been conducted on the following projects:

Flanged Boundary Elements on Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) have been demonstrated to possess adequate ductility and energy dissipation characteristics for seismic design applications. However, slender RMSWs, characterized by high height-to-thickness (h/t) ratios, may be vulnerable to out-of-plane instability under in-plane seismic loading.

Out-of-plane instability is a failure mechanism that affects RMSW end-zone regions subjected to cycles of tensile strain, followed by compressive strain during load reversal. This failure mechanism has the potential to cause unexpected and rapid strength degradation or collapse, if not considered in design.

The Canadian masonry design standard, CSA S304-14, prescribes h/t limits for the seismic design of RMSWs to prevent out-of-plane instability, however, no experimental testing verifies these limits. Moreover, the h/t limits are independent of the cross-sectional shape of the RMSW, despite the wall response being significantly influenced by this parameter. At a given drift demand, T-shaped RMSWs, i.e. rectangular RMSWs with flanged boundary elements at one end-zone, tend to produce higher strains at the end-zone without flanged boundary elements as compared to the end-zones of rectangularly-shaped RMSWs. This may increase the risk of out-of-plane instability affecting T-shaped RMSWs.

Select Journal Articles:

Robazza, B.R., S. Brzev, T.Y. Yang, K.J. Elwood, D.L. Anderson, and B. McEwen. “Seismic Behaviour and Design Code Provisions for Predicting the Capacity of Ductile Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls.” Engineering Structures 222 (2020): 110992.

Robazza, B.R., T.Y. Yang, S. Brzev, K.J. Elwood, D.L. Anderson, and W. McEwen. “Response of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls with Flanged Boundary Elements under in-Plane Lateral Loading: An Experimental Study.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 389–409.

Robazza, B. R., S. Brzev, and T. Y. Yang. “An experimental study on slender reinforced masonry shear walls subjected to in-plane reversed cyclic loading.” In Brick and Block Masonry-From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, pp. 483-490. CRC Press, 2020.

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2018). Seismic Behaviour of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls under In-Plane Loading: An Experimental Investigation, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 144(3): 04018008.

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). A Study on the Out-of-Plane Stability of Ductile Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Subjected to in-Plane Reversed Cyclic Loading. The Masonry Society Journal, 35(1): 73-82.

Azimikor, N., Brzev, S., Elwood, K., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). Out-Of-Plane Instability of Reinforced Masonry Uniaxial Specimens Under Reversed Cyclic Axial Loading. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 44: 367–376

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). Effects of Flanged Boundary Elements on the Response of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls: An Experimental Study. Proceedings of the 13th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Buildings

 

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry (RM) has been used in Canada for more than 50 years, mostly for construction of low- and mid-rise buildings. The National Building Code of Canada 2015 (NBC 2015) permits the use of Ductile Shear Wall class for tall masonry buildings, but the height limit was set to 60 m at sites with moderate seismic hazard and 40 m for high seismic hazard sites.

Only a few tall (15+ storey high) RM buildings have been constructed in Canada to date, mostly at sites with low to moderate seismic hazard.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Brzev S., Reiter M., Pérez-Gavilán J., Quiun D., Membreño M., Hart T., and Sommer D. (2019, June). “Confined Masonry: The Current Design Standards.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 50–62). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society

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