Boundary Elements – CMDC https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com Supporting the Masonry Design Community Thu, 29 Feb 2024 19:37:36 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.3 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cropped-android-chrome-512x512-1-32x32.png Boundary Elements – CMDC https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com 32 32 Concordia University https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/research/concordia-university/ Mon, 13 Nov 2023 14:33:13 +0000 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=13020

CMDC has worked in collaboration with Khaled Galal from Concordia University

Supporting Innovation through Research Partnerships

Work has been conducted on the following projects:

Shear Walls with Boundary Elements

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls are effective structural elements to resist lateral loads on buildings including wind loads and seismic loads. This research project led by Dr. Galal focuses on testing of reinforced masonry shear wall configurations to develop more economical methods of construction for buildings that are required to resist moderate earthquake loads. Focusing on the detailing of reinforcement, strategies to enhance the performance of current masonry construction methods are being developed.

This project includes testing masonry materials, of half-scale reinforced masonry shear walls (including rectangular walls, walls with boundary elements, and even partially-grouted walls), and computer modeling and analysis of the walls and of whole buildings with masonry shear walls.

In addition to developing new strategies for design and improving the seismic safety of buildings, the project also contributes to better understanding the characteristics of masonry materials in general.

Select Journal Articles:

AbdelRahman, Belal, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of axial compressive behavior of square and rectangular confined concrete-masonry structural wall boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 243 (2021): 112584.

Albutainy, Mohammed, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of reinforced concrete masonry shear walls with C-shaped masonry units boundary elements.” In Structures, vol. 34, pp. 3667-3683. Elsevier, 2021.

Hosseinzadeh, Shadman, and Khaled Galal. “Probabilistic seismic resilience quantification of a reinforced masonry shear wall system with boundary elements under bi-directional horizontal excitations.” Engineering Structures 247 (2021): 113023.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “In-plane cyclic response of high-rise reinforced concrete masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 219 (2020): 110771.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental investigation of axial load and detailing effects on the inelastic response of reinforced-concrete masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 12 (2020): 04020259.

Hosseinzadeh, Shadman, and Khaled Galal. “System-level seismic resilience assessment of reinforced masonry shear wall buildings with masonry boundary elements.” In Structures, vol. 26, pp. 686-702. Elsevier, 2020.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Seismic performance and height limits of ductile reinforced masonry shear wall buildings with boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 171-188.

Hamzeh, Layane, Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Development of fragility curves for reinforced-masonry structural walls with boundary elements.” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 32, no. 4 (2018): 04018034.

Obaidat, Ala’T., Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Stress-strain behavior of C-shaped confined concrete masonry boundary elements of reinforced masonry shear walls.” Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 8 (2018): 04018119.

El Ezz, Ahmad Abo, and Khaled Galal. “Compression behavior of confined concrete masonry boundary elements.” Engineering Structures 132 (2017): 562-575.

Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls are effective structural elements to resist lateral loads on buildings including wind loads and seismic loads. This research project led by Dr. Galal focuses on testing of reinforced masonry shear wall configurations to develop more economical methods of construction for buildings that are required to resist moderate earthquake loads. Focusing on the detailing of reinforcement, strategies to enhance the performance of current masonry construction methods are being developed. This project includes testing masonry materials, of half-scale reinforced masonry shear walls (including rectangular walls, walls with boundary elements, and even partially-grouted walls), and computer modeling and analysis of the walls and of whole buildings with masonry shear walls. In addition to developing new strategies for design and improving the seismic safety of buildings, the project also contributes to better understanding the characteristics of masonry materials in general.

Select Journal Articles:

Elmeligy, Omar, Nader Aly, and Khaled Galal. “Sensitivity analysis of the numerical simulations of partially grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Engineering Structures 245 (2021): 112876.

Aly, Nader, and Khaled Galal. “Effect of ductile shear wall ratio and cross-section configuration on seismic behavior of reinforced concrete masonry shear wall buildings.” Journal of Structural Engineering 146, no. 4 (2020): 04020020.

ElDin, Hany M. Seif, Ahmed Ashour, and Khaled Galal. “Seismic performance parameters of fully grouted reinforced masonry squat shear walls.” Engineering Structures 187 (2019): 518-527.

ElDin, Hany M. Seif, Nader Aly, and Khaled Galal. “In-plane shear strength equation for fully grouted reinforced masonry shear walls.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 319-332.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Aly N. and Galal K. (2019, June). “Influence of Ductile Shear Wall Ratio on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Wall Buildings.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 1462–1474). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society.

Masonry Prisms

Project Summary:

Masonry prisms are essential structural elements utilized in construction to evaluate the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of masonry materials. These test specimens, constructed by bonding masonry units with mortar, replicate real-world construction conditions, ensuring the relevance of the obtained data. CSA S304 provides guidelines for the preparation, testing, and analysis of these prisms. The testing process involves subjecting the prisms to axial loads to determine compressive strength and may include shear strength tests to assess resistance to lateral forces.

In this research, masonry prisms are used to investigate the impact of fibre reinforced grout, and boundary elements built using C-shaped blocks. The resulting data contributes to the development of construction guidelines and safety standards, informing the design of durable and secure masonry structures in real-world applications. In essence, masonry prisms play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of masonry behavior and promoting the reliability of construction practices.

Recent Journal Articles:

Gouda, Omar, Ahmed Hassanein, Tarik Youssef, and Khaled Galal. “Stress-strain behaviour of masonry prisms constructed with glass fibre-reinforced grout.” Construction and Building Materials 267 (2021): 120984.

AbdelRahman, Belal, and Khaled Galal. “Influence of pre-wetting, non-shrink grout, and scaling on the compressive strength of grouted concrete masonry prisms.” Construction and Building Materials 241 (2020): 117985.

Masonry Columns Strengthened by FRP

Project Summary:

Research on masonry columns strengthened by Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites aims to enhance the load-carrying capacity and ductility of existing structures. This involves applying high-strength fibers embedded in a polymer matrix externally to masonry columns, particularly beneficial for retrofitting older structures or improving original design capacities. The test matrix was designed to measure the effect of the presence of longitudinal steel reinforcement in the columns on the compressive strength of FRP-confined concrete masonry.

As the demand for sustainable retrofitting solutions increases, research in this area plays a pivotal role in advancing innovative techniques for strengthening masonry columns, ensuring resilience in diverse environmental and loading conditions.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Alotaibi K. and Galal K. (2019, June). “Compressive Strength of FRP-Confined Concrete Masonry With and Without Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 1523–1529). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society

Select Journal Articles:

El-Sokkary, Hossam, and Khaled Galal. “Performance of eccentrically loaded reinforced-concrete masonry columns strengthened using FRP wraps.” Journal of Composites for Construction 23, no. 5 (2019): 04019032.

Alotaibi, Khalid Saqer, and Khaled Galal. “Experimental study of CFRP-confined reinforced concrete masonry columns tested under concentric and eccentric loading.” Composites Part B: Engineering 155 (2018): 257-271.

Alotaibi, Khalid Saqer, and Khaled Galal. “Axial compressive behavior of grouted concrete block masonry columns confined by CFRP jackets.” Composites Part B: Engineering 114 (2017): 467-479

Select Theses and HQP: :

Khalid Alotaibi: https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/984232/

]]> University of British Columbia https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/research/university-of-british-columbia/ Fri, 10 Nov 2023 20:34:51 +0000 https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=12995

CMDC has worked in collaboration with Svetlana Brzev and Tony Yang from the University of British Columbia.

Supporting Innovation through Research Partnerships

Work has been conducted on the following projects:

Flanged Boundary Elements on Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) have been demonstrated to possess adequate ductility and energy dissipation characteristics for seismic design applications. However, slender RMSWs, characterized by high height-to-thickness (h/t) ratios, may be vulnerable to out-of-plane instability under in-plane seismic loading.

Out-of-plane instability is a failure mechanism that affects RMSW end-zone regions subjected to cycles of tensile strain, followed by compressive strain during load reversal. This failure mechanism has the potential to cause unexpected and rapid strength degradation or collapse, if not considered in design.

The Canadian masonry design standard, CSA S304-14, prescribes h/t limits for the seismic design of RMSWs to prevent out-of-plane instability, however, no experimental testing verifies these limits. Moreover, the h/t limits are independent of the cross-sectional shape of the RMSW, despite the wall response being significantly influenced by this parameter. At a given drift demand, T-shaped RMSWs, i.e. rectangular RMSWs with flanged boundary elements at one end-zone, tend to produce higher strains at the end-zone without flanged boundary elements as compared to the end-zones of rectangularly-shaped RMSWs. This may increase the risk of out-of-plane instability affecting T-shaped RMSWs.

Select Journal Articles:

Robazza, B.R., S. Brzev, T.Y. Yang, K.J. Elwood, D.L. Anderson, and B. McEwen. “Seismic Behaviour and Design Code Provisions for Predicting the Capacity of Ductile Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls.” Engineering Structures 222 (2020): 110992.

Robazza, B.R., T.Y. Yang, S. Brzev, K.J. Elwood, D.L. Anderson, and W. McEwen. “Response of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls with Flanged Boundary Elements under in-Plane Lateral Loading: An Experimental Study.” Engineering Structures 190 (2019): 389–409.

Robazza, B. R., S. Brzev, and T. Y. Yang. “An experimental study on slender reinforced masonry shear walls subjected to in-plane reversed cyclic loading.” In Brick and Block Masonry-From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, pp. 483-490. CRC Press, 2020.

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2018). Seismic Behaviour of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls under In-Plane Loading: An Experimental Investigation, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 144(3): 04018008.

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). A Study on the Out-of-Plane Stability of Ductile Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Subjected to in-Plane Reversed Cyclic Loading. The Masonry Society Journal, 35(1): 73-82.

Azimikor, N., Brzev, S., Elwood, K., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). Out-Of-Plane Instability of Reinforced Masonry Uniaxial Specimens Under Reversed Cyclic Axial Loading. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 44: 367–376

Robazza,B.R.,  Brzev,S., Yang,T.Y., Elwood, K.J., Anderson, D.L., and McEwen,W. (2017). Effects of Flanged Boundary Elements on the Response of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls: An Experimental Study. Proceedings of the 13th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Halifax, NS, Canada.

Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Buildings

 

Project Summary:

Reinforced masonry (RM) has been used in Canada for more than 50 years, mostly for construction of low- and mid-rise buildings. The National Building Code of Canada 2015 (NBC 2015) permits the use of Ductile Shear Wall class for tall masonry buildings, but the height limit was set to 60 m at sites with moderate seismic hazard and 40 m for high seismic hazard sites.

Only a few tall (15+ storey high) RM buildings have been constructed in Canada to date, mostly at sites with low to moderate seismic hazard.

Recent NAMC Articles:

Brzev S., Reiter M., Pérez-Gavilán J., Quiun D., Membreño M., Hart T., and Sommer D. (2019, June). “Confined Masonry: The Current Design Standards.” In P.B. Dillon & F.S. Fonseca (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth North American Masonry Conference. Paper presented at the 13th North American Masonry Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah (pp. 50–62). Longmont, CO: The Masonry Society

]]> Seismic Behaviour of 1/3 Scale Masonry Structures https://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/cmrc-projects/seismic-behaviour-of-13-scale-masonry-structures/ Fri, 06 Nov 2015 16:14:48 +0000 http://www.canadamasonrydesigncentre.com/?p=4124 Description:    Extensive testing has been carried out at McMaster University towards the modelling of complex masonry structures and system behaviour through use of 1/3 scale concrete block units.

Keywords:      Seismic, Shear Walls, Boundary Elements, Dynamic Loads, McMaster University

Page Content:

Lead Investigators:     Wael El-Dakhakhni (McMaster), Robert Drysdale (McMaster)

CMRC Support:         CMRC members have provided support through the donation of a Commercial Grade Block Machine as well as through the funding and supervision of NSERC Industrial Postgraduate Scholarships (IPS) and the provision of mason time. Continued support is also offered through the formation of the Martini, Mascarin and George Chair in Masonry Design at McMaster University.

 

  • NSERC IPS Student Kevin Hughes (Plastic hinge length and prediction of ductility of masonry shear walls)
  • NSERC IPS Student Musafa Siyam (Seismic performance parameters of slender and squat reinforced concrete masonry)
  • NSERC IPS Student Ahmed Ashour (Slab coupling effects on the seismic response of reinforced masonry buildings)
  • NSERC IPS Student Mohamed Ezzeldin (Seismic performance of coupled reinforced masonry shear walls with boundary elements)

Impacts of Research:            Results generated from this project will help to quantify the behaviour of masonry structures and enable designers to take advantage of aspects of wall coupling and gain a better understanding of system-level seismic performance.

References:

Journal Papers:

Siyam, M., El-Dakhakhni, W., Banting, B., and Drysdale, R. (2015). “Seismic Response Evaluation of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Block Structural Walls. II: Displacement and Performance–Based Design Parameters.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. , 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000804 , 04015067.

Siyam, M., El-Dakhakhni, W., Shedid, M., and Drysdale, R. (2015). “Seismic Response Evaluation of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Block Structural Walls. I: Experimental Results and Force-Based Design Parameters.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. , 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000794 , 04015066.

Heerema, P., Ashour, A., Shedid, M., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2015). “System-level displacement- and performance-based seismic design parameter quantifications for an asymmetrical reinforced concrete masonry building.” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001258 , CID: 04015032.

Heerema, P., Shedid, M., and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014). “Seismic response analysis of a reinforced masonry asymmetric building.” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, CID: 04014178.

Kasparik, T., Tait, M.J., and El-Dakhakhni, W.W. (2014). “Seismic performance assessment of partially grouted nominally reinforced concrete masonry structural walls using shake table testing.” ASCE Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, Vol. 28, No. 2, 216-227.

Mojiri, S., El-Dakhakhni, W. W. and Tait, M. J. (2014). “Seismic fragility evaluation of lightly reinforced concrete-block shear walls for probabilistic risk assessment.” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, CID: 04014116.

Mojiri, S., El-Dakhakhni, W. W. and Tait, M. J. (2014). “Shake table seismic performance assessment of lightly reinforced concrete block shear walls.” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 141, No. 2, CID: 04014105.

Mojiri, S., Tait, M. J. and El-Dakhakhni, W. W. (2014). “Seismic response analysis of lightly reinforced concrete block masonry shear walls based on shake table tests.” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 140, No. 9, CID: 04014057.

Conference Papers:

Ashour, A., Heerema, P., Shedid, M. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014). “Digital image correlation for damage state identification in reinforced masonry buildings.” Proceedings of the 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimaraes, Portugal.

Heerema, P., Shedid, M. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2014). “Response of a reinforced concrete block shear wall structure to simulated earthquake loading.” Proceedings of the 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimaraes, Portugal.

Siyam, M., El-Dakhakhni, W. and Drysdale, R. (2013). “Ductility of coupled reinforced masonry shear walls.” Proceedings of the 12th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Heerema, P. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2012). “System-level seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete block wall buildings, phase I: coupling prevented, torsion allowed.” Proceedings of the 15th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Florianopolis, Brazil.

Mojiri, S., Tait, M. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2012). “Shake table testing and analytical modeling of fully-grouted reinforced concrete block masonry shear walls.” Proceedings of the 15th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Florianopolis, Brazil.

Siyam, M., El-Dakhakhni, W. and Drysdale, R. (2012). “Seismic behavior of reduced-scale two-storey reinforced concrete masonry shear walls.” Proceedings of the 15th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Florianopolis, Brazil.

Heerema, P., Siyam, M. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2011). “Proposed system-level testing of multi-storey reinforced masonry buildings under simulated seismic loading.” Proceedings of the 11th North American Masonry Conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Hughes, K., El-Dakhakhni, W. and Drysdale, R. (2011). “Behaviour of reduced-scale reinforced concrete-block shear walls and components.” Proceedings of the 11th North American Masonry Conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Wierzbicki, J., Drysdale, R. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2011). “Behaviour of reduced-scale fully-grouted concrete block shear walls.” Proceedings of the 11th North American Masonry Conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Banting, B., Heerema, P. and El-Dakhakhni, W. (2010). “Production and testing of ⅓ scale concrete blocks.” Proceedings of the 8th International Masonry Conference, Dresden, Germany.

Theses:

Mojiri, S. (2013). Shake Table Seismic Performance Assessment and Fragility Analysis of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Block Shear Walls. Master of Applied Science – Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.

Hughes, K. (2010). Behaviour of Reduced-Scale Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Walls and Components. Master of Applied Science – Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.

Wierzbicki, J. (2010). Behaviour of Reduced-Scale Fully-grouted Concrete Block Shear Walls. Master of Applied Science – Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.

Vandervelde, J. (2010). Wierzbicki, J. (2010). Behaviour of Reduced-Scale Fully-grouted Concrete Block Shear Walls. Master of Applied Science – Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.

Kasparik, T. (2009). Behaviour of Partially Grouted Nominally Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Under Dynamic Loading. Master of Applied Science – Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.

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